Tim Dieppe Odakle potječe islam?

Where did Islam originate from?

vidi:

Qibla 1 Kur'anska geografija - Makka se najprijenalazila u Jordanu, a ne u Arabiji!

 

Qibla 2  Qibla ranih džamija: Jeruzalem ili Meka?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tim Dieppe

Odakle potječe islam?

Where did Islam originate from?

 

https://archive.christianconcern.com/our-concerns/islam/tim-dieppe-where-did-islam-originate-from

 

U ovom djelu Tim Dieppe ispituje moguće podrijetlo islama. Upućuje na knjigu 'Kur'anska geografija' - koju je napisao povjesničar s Bliskog Istoka Dan Gibson. Tim kaže: "Svi znaju tradicionalnu priču da je Muhammed rođen i odrastao u Meki, te da je tamo proveo veći dio života". Međutim, moderni povjesničari postavili su ozbiljna pitanja o tome je li Muhamed ikad posjetio Meku.

Svima je poznata tradicionalna priča da je Muhamed rođen i odrastao u Meki, te da je tamo proveo veći dio života. Meka je danas najsvetiji grad muslimana koji su tamo barem jednom u životu dužni hodočastiti, ako to fizički mogu. Meka je dom kaabi kojom hodočasnici kruže oko sedam puta. To je ujedno i Qibla, odnosno smjer molitve za muslimane širom svijeta. Tada može biti iznenađenje kad shvatimo da su moderni povjesničari postavili ozbiljna pitanja o toj tradiciji, pa čak i predložili da Muhammed najvjerojatnije nikad nije ni posjetio Meku.

Povjesničar s Bliskog Istoka Dan Gibson napisao je revolucionarnu knjigu koja osporava tradicionalno mjesto rađanja islama. Knjiga "Kur'anska geografija" praćena je dokumentarnim filmom "Sveti grad" koji objašnjava njegova otkrića. " Važno je napomenuti da tradicionalne povijesti Muhameda nisu zapisane tek nekih 200 godina nakon Muhamedove smrti. To je mnogo generacija kasnije i dopušta mogućnost nekih uređivanja na putu.

Gibson započinje primjećujući nedostatak geografskih referenci u Kur’anu. Za mnoge drevne povijesne zapise zemljopisne reference događaju se na svakih 200 riječi. Gibson pokazuje da se četiri evanđelja kreću od 200 do 289 riječi po geografskoj referenci. Kur'an, nasuprot tome, ima 2,299 riječi po geografskoj referenci! U cijelom Kur'anu spominje se samo 9 lokacija, te ukupno 65 geografskih referenci. Na Meku se pominje samo jednom, u Q48: 24 . Nadalje, u najranijim primjercima Kur'ana nedostaje ova referenca. Iako je ovo jedina stvarna referenca na Meku po imenu u Kur'anu, postoje još neke reference koje opisuju grad u kojem je islam utemeljen.

Zaplet se zgusne kada shvatimo da se Meka ne pojavljuje ni na jednoj karti do 900. godine! Zapravo, prva referenca na Meku u bilo kojem povijesnom dokumentu je tek 741. godine. Samo to čini malo vjerojatnim da je Meka bio glavni trgovački grad. To se oštro razlikuje od kur'anskog opisa svetog grada kao "majke gradova" ( Q 6:92 ; Q 42: 7 ) i tradicionalnih povijesti koje opisuju redovite trgovačke prikolice. Tradicionalna Meka opisuje se kao velika dolina, s paralelnom dolinom okruženom planinama, s visoke i niske strane, s poljima i grožđem i drvećem. Nijedan od tih opisa ne odgovara geografiji Meke koja nije u dolini i koja je veoma sušna i suha s malo vegetacije ili bez nje. Arheolozi i povjesničari vjeruju da je Meka bila plodno mjesto s vrlo malo naseljavanja prije 900. godine nove ere.

Džamija Al Asqa

Gibson tada procjenjuje Qiblu najranijih džamija koristeći satelitsku snimku kako bi pokazao smjer molitve. Otkrio je da su sve najranije džamije orijentirane na Petru, a ne na Meku. Ova fotografija, na primjer, prikazuje džamiju Al Aqsa u Jerusalemu, odmah ispod strelice koja označava smjer Petra. Nijedna građevina na jeruzalemskoj kašteli ne upućuje prema Meki.

Tek su 724. godine neke džamije orijentirane na Meku, a tek nakon 822. godine sve džamije usmjeravaju prema Meki. Petra je udaljena oko 600 kilometara sjeverno od Meke.

Sam Kur'an priznaje promjenu smjera Qibla. Kaže: "Budale među ljudima reći će:" Što ih je odvratilo od njihovog qiblaha s kojim su se suočavali? "( Q 2: 142 ). Dakle, Kur'an tvrdi da se promjena Qibla dogodila tijekom Muhammedovog života, a tradicionalno se smatra da je to bilo od Jeruzalema do Meke. Još jednom, u najranijim primjercima Kur'ana nedostaje ovaj dio Sure. 2. Arheološki dokazi pokazuju da se promjena Qible dogodila mnogo godina kasnije i nije u potpunosti prihvaćena do 200 godina kasnije.

Petra je za razliku od Meke bila rano glavno trgovačko središte i uklapa se u sve zemljopisne opise tradicionalnih povijesti. Svi dokazi, prema tome, upućuju na Petru kao na grad iz kojeg je islam. Svi dokazi, to jest, osim dokaza rane islamske literature koji uopće ne spominju Petru. Kako ćemo to objasniti?

Trebamo se sjetiti da tradicionalne povijesti Muhammedovog života nisu napisane nekih 200 godina nakon njegove smrti. Do tog trenutka je Meka uspostavljena kao Qibla, a čini se da su povjesničari sigurno namjerno uklonili sve reference na Petru i zamijenili ih Mekom. Samo zašto se to dogodilo nije jasno, ali to je moglo biti zbog velikog potresa koji se dogodio 713. godine i uništio Petru. Čini se da je Petra napuštena nakon tog vremena, jer više ne postoje podaci o Petri nakon ovog datuma. Ljudi su vjerojatno mislili da je Petra prokleta zbog ovog potresa, pa je trebalo pronaći novo duhovno središte za islam. Reformatori su preselili središte u Meku i bilo je potrebno neko vrijeme da se ovo utvrdi kao mjesto za molitvu.

Sve to postavlja ozbiljna pitanja o povijesnim osnovama islama. Tradicionalni račun može se smatrati pokazivanjem lažnim. Ako je proizveden u odnosu na zemljopis, što je još izrađeno? Gibson zaključuje da dokazi upućuju na to da Muhammed nikada nije posjetio Meku, niti je ijedan od četvorice "ispravno vođenih kalifa". Što je još o Muhamedovoj priči i porijeklu islama lažno?

Nadam se da je ovo nedavno istraživanje široko rasprostranjeno i zbog čega mnogi muslimani dovode u pitanje povijesne temelje vjere. Kršćanstvo je stoljećima izdržalo povijesni nadzor. Islam se tek sada suočava s takvim kritičkim nadzorom. Moguće je da ovo vodi konačnom kolapsu islama, jer su njegovi povijesni temelji izloženi kao neispravni.

Slika 1. Rani trgovački putovi, Izvor: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incense_Route

Povezani Linkovi:
Sveti grad (Vimeo)
Kur'anska geografija (Traži Meku)

Gibson, Dan (2011), Kur'anska geografija (Saskatoon, Kanada: Nezavisni tisak znanstvenika).
Holland, Tom (2012), U sjeni mača: Bitka za globalno carstvo i kraj antičkog svijeta (London: Abacus).







 

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Published: October 7th, 2016
 

In this piece Tim Dieppe examines the possible origins of Islam. He refers to the book 'Qur’anic Geography' - written by Middle Eastern historian, Dan Gibson. Tim says: "Everyone knows the traditional story that Muhammad was born and raised in Mecca, and spent most of his life there". However, modern historians have raised serious questions about whether Muhammad ever visited Mecca.

Everyone knows the traditional story that Muhammad was born and raised in Mecca, and spent most of his life there. Mecca is today the holiest city for Muslims who are obliged to make a pilgrimage there at least once in their lives if physically able to do so. Mecca is home to the kaaba which pilgrims circle around seven times. It is also the Qibla, or direction of prayer for Muslims all over the world. It may come as a surprise, then, to realise that modern historians have raised serious questions about this tradition, and even proposed that Muhammad most likely never even visited Mecca.

Middle Eastern historian, Dan Gibson, has written a ground-breaking book which challenges the traditional location of the birth of Islam. The book “Qur’anic Geography” has now been followed up with a documentary film “The Sacred City” which explains his findings.” It is important to note that the traditional histories of Muhammad were not written down till some 200 years after Muhammad’s death. This is many generations later and allows for the possibility of some editing along the way.

Gibson starts by noting the paucity of geographical references in the Qur’an. For many ancient historical writings, geographical references occur every 200 words or so. Gibson shows that the four gospels range from 200 to 289 words per geographical reference. The Qur’an by contrast has 2,299 words per geographical reference! There are only 9 locations mentioned in the entire Qur’an, and 65 geographical references in total. Mecca is referenced just once, in Q48:24. Furthermore, the earliest copies of the Qur’an are missing this reference. Although this is the only actual reference to Mecca by name in the Qur’an, there are some other references that are descriptive of the city where Islam was founded.

The plot thickens when we realise that Mecca does not appear on any maps until 900 AD! In fact, the first reference to Mecca in any historical document is not until 741 AD. This alone makes it very unlikely that Mecca was a major trading city. This contrasts sharply with the Qur’anic description of the holy city as “the Mother of Cities” (Q 6:92; Q 42:7), and the traditional histories describing regular trade caravans. Traditional Mecca is described as being in a large valley, with a parallel valley surrounded by mountains, with a high and a low side, with fields, and grapes and trees growing. None of these descriptions match the geography of Mecca which is not in a valley and which is very arid and dry with little or no vegetation. Archaeologists and historians believe that Mecca was a barren place with very little settlement prior to 900 AD.

Al Asqa mosque

Gibson then assesses the Qibla of the earliest mosques using satellite imagery to show the direction of prayer. He found that all the earliest Mosques are oriented towards Petra, not Mecca. This photo, for example, shows the Al Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem, just below the arrow indicating the direction of Petra. None of the buildings on the Jerusalem citadel point towards Mecca.

It is not until 724 AD that some Mosques are oriented towards Mecca, and only after 822 AD do all Mosques point towards Mecca. Petra is some 600 miles north of Mecca.

The Qur’an itself acknowledges a change in the direction of the Qibla. It says “The foolish among the people will say, ‘What has turned them away from their qiblah, which they used to face?’” (Q 2:142). So the Qur’an claims that a change in the Qibla took place in Muhammad’s lifetime, and traditionally this is thought to have been from Jerusalem to Mecca. Once again, the earliest copies of the Qur’an are missing this section of Surah 2. The archaeological evidence shows that the change of the Qibla took place many years later, and was not fully accepted till 200 years later.

Petra, by contrast with Mecca, was a major trade centre from early on, and fits all the geographical descriptions in the traditional histories. All the evidence, therefore, points to Petra as the city from which Islam originated. All the evidence, that is, except the evidence of early Islamic literature which contains no mention of Petra at all. How are we to account for this?

We should remember that the traditional histories of Muhammad’s life were not written till some 200 years after his death. By this time, Mecca was established as the Qibla, and it seems that the historians must have deliberately removed all references to Petra and replaced them with Mecca. Just why this happened is not clear, but it may have been because of a massive earthquake which occurred in 713 AD and destroyed Petra. Petra appears to have been abandoned after this time as there are no further records of Petra after this date. People likely thought that Petra was cursed because of this earthquake, so a new spiritual centre for Islam needed to be found. Reformers moved the centre to Mecca and it took some time for this to become established as the place to pray towards.

All this raises serious questions about the historical foundations of Islam. The traditional account can be regarded as demonstrably false. If it has been fabricated in relation to geography, what else has been fabricated? Gibson concludes that the evidence suggests that Muhammad never visited Mecca, and nor did any of the four ‘rightly guided caliphs.’ What else about Muhammad’s story and the origins of Islam is false?

I hope that this recent research is widely circulated and causes many Muslims to question the historical foundations faith. Christianity has withstood historical scrutiny for centuries. Islam is only now facing such critical scrutiny. It is possible that this leads to the ultimate collapse of Islam as its historical foundations are exposed as faulty. 

Figure 1 Early Trade Routes, Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incense_Route

Related Links: 
The Sacred City (Vimeo)
Qu'ranic Geography (Search for Mecca)  

Gibson, Dan (2011), Quranic Geography (Saskatoon, Canada: Independent Scholar's Press).
Holland, Tom (2012), In the Shadow of the Sword: The Battle for Global Empire and the End of the Ancient World (London: Abacus).